Поддерживать
www.wikidata.ru-ru.nina.az
Giperboli cheskie fu nkcii semejstvo elementarnyh funkcij vyrazhayushihsya cherez eksponentu i tesno svyazannyh s trigonometricheskimi funkciyami Opredeleniesh x displaystyle operatorname sh x ch x displaystyle operatorname ch x Giperbolicheskie funkcii zadayutsya sleduyushimi formulami giperbolicheskij sinus sh x ex e x2 displaystyle operatorname sh x frac e x e x 2 v angloyazychnoj literature oboznachaetsya sinh x displaystyle sinh x giperbolicheskij kosinus ch x ex e x2 displaystyle operatorname ch x frac e x e x 2 v angloyazychnoj literature oboznachaetsya cosh x displaystyle cosh x giperbolicheskij tangens th x sh xch x ex e xex e x e2x 1e2x 1 displaystyle operatorname th x frac operatorname sh x operatorname ch x frac e x e x e x e x frac e 2x 1 e 2x 1 v angloyazychnoj literature oboznachaetsya tanh x displaystyle tanh x giperbolicheskij kotangens cth x 1th x ch xsh x ex e xex e x e2x 1e2x 1 displaystyle operatorname cth x frac 1 operatorname th x frac operatorname ch x operatorname sh x frac e x e x e x e x frac e 2x 1 e 2x 1 v angloyazychnoj literature oboznachaetsya coth x displaystyle coth x giperbolicheskij sekans sch x 1ch x 2ex e x displaystyle operatorname sch x frac 1 operatorname ch x frac 2 e x e x Giperbolicheskij sekans inogda takzhe oboznachaetsya kak sech x displaystyle operatorname sech x giperbolicheskij kosekans csch x 1sh x 2ex e x displaystyle operatorname csch x frac 1 operatorname sh x frac 2 e x e x Geometricheskoe opredelenie Opredelenie giperbolicheskih funkcij cherez giperboluParametrizaciya giperbolicheskogo sinusa animaciya Vvidu sootnosheniya ch2 t sh2 t 1 displaystyle operatorname ch 2 t operatorname sh 2 t 1 giperbolicheskie funkcii dayut parametricheskoe predstavlenie giperboly x2 y2 1 displaystyle x 2 y 2 1 x ch t displaystyle x operatorname ch t y sh t displaystyle y operatorname sh t Pri etom argument t 2S displaystyle t 2S gde S displaystyle S ploshad krivolinejnogo treugolnika OQR displaystyle OQR vzyataya so znakom esli sektor lezhit vyshe osi OX displaystyle OX i v protivopolozhnom sluchae Ochevidno chto i giperbolicheskie funkcii opredelyayutsya cherez etot parametr naprimer uravneniya giperbolicheskogo sinusa v parametricheskoj forme x t y f t displaystyle x t y f t gde f t displaystyle f t ordinata tochki giperboly sootvetstvuyushej vershine krivolinejnogo treugolnika ploshadyu S t 2 displaystyle S t 2 Eto opredelenie analogichno opredeleniyu trigonometricheskih funkcij cherez edinichnuyu okruzhnost kotoroe tozhe mozhno postroit podobnym obrazom SvojstvaSvyaz s trigonometricheskimi funkciyami Giperbolicheskie funkcii vyrazhayutsya cherez trigonometricheskie funkcii ot mnimogo argumenta sh x isin ix ch x cos ix th x itg ix displaystyle operatorname sh x i sin ix quad operatorname ch x cos ix quad operatorname th x i operatorname tg ix sh ix isin x ch ix cos x th ix itg x displaystyle operatorname sh ix i sin x quad operatorname ch ix cos x quad operatorname th ix i operatorname tg x Funkciya Gudermana svyazyvaet trigonometricheskie funkcii i giperbolicheskie funkcii bez privlecheniya kompleksnyh chisel Vazhnye sootnosheniya ch2 x sh2 x 1 displaystyle operatorname ch 2 x operatorname sh 2 x 1 Dokazatelstvoch2 x sh2 x ex e x2 2 ex e x2 2 ex e x 2 ex e x 24 e2x 2 e 2x e2x 2 e 2x4 2 24 1 displaystyle operatorname ch 2 x operatorname sh 2 x left frac e x e x 2 right 2 left frac e x e x 2 right 2 frac e x e x 2 e x e x 2 4 frac e 2x 2 e 2x e 2x 2 e 2x 4 frac 2 2 4 1 Chyotnost nechyotnost sh x sh x displaystyle operatorname sh x operatorname sh x ch x ch x displaystyle operatorname ch x operatorname ch x th x th x displaystyle operatorname th x operatorname th x cth x cth x displaystyle operatorname cth x operatorname cth x sch x sch x displaystyle operatorname sch x operatorname sch x csch x csch x displaystyle operatorname csch x operatorname csch x Formuly slozheniya sh x y sh xch y sh ych x displaystyle operatorname sh x pm y operatorname sh x operatorname ch y pm operatorname sh y operatorname ch x ch x y ch xch y sh ysh x displaystyle operatorname ch x pm y operatorname ch x operatorname ch y pm operatorname sh y operatorname sh x th x y th x th y1 th xth y displaystyle operatorname th x pm y frac operatorname th x pm operatorname th y 1 pm operatorname th x operatorname th y cth x y 1 cth xcth ycth x cth y displaystyle operatorname cth x pm y frac 1 pm operatorname cth x operatorname cth y operatorname cth x pm operatorname cth y Formuly dvojnogo argumenta sh 2x 2ch xsh x 2th x1 th2 x displaystyle operatorname sh 2x 2 operatorname ch x operatorname sh x frac 2 operatorname th x 1 operatorname th 2 x ch 2x ch2 x sh2 x 2ch2 x 1 1 2sh2 x 1 th2 x1 th2 x displaystyle operatorname ch 2x operatorname ch 2 x operatorname sh 2 x 2 operatorname ch 2 x 1 1 2 operatorname sh 2 x frac 1 operatorname th 2 x 1 operatorname th 2 x th 2x 2th x1 th2 x displaystyle operatorname th 2x frac 2 operatorname th x 1 operatorname th 2 x cth 2x 12 th x cth x displaystyle operatorname cth 2x frac 1 2 operatorname th x operatorname cth x th x ch 2x 1sh 2x sh 2x1 ch 2x displaystyle operatorname th x frac operatorname ch 2x 1 operatorname sh 2x frac operatorname sh 2x 1 operatorname ch 2x ch 2x sh 2x sh x ch x 2 displaystyle operatorname ch 2x pm operatorname sh 2x operatorname sh x pm operatorname ch x 2 Formuly kratnyh argumentov sh 3x 4sh3 x 3sh x displaystyle operatorname sh 3x 4 operatorname sh 3 x 3 operatorname sh x ch 3x 4ch3 x 3ch x displaystyle operatorname ch 3x 4 operatorname ch 3 x 3 operatorname ch x th 3x 3 th2 x1 3th2 x displaystyle operatorname th 3x frac 3 operatorname th 2 x 1 3 operatorname th 2 x sh 5x 16sh5 x 20sh3 x 5sh x displaystyle operatorname sh 5x 16 operatorname sh 5 x 20 operatorname sh 3 x 5 operatorname sh x ch 5x 16ch5 x 20ch3 x 5ch x displaystyle operatorname ch 5x 16 operatorname ch 5 x 20 operatorname ch 3 x 5 operatorname ch x th 5x th xth4 x 10th2 x 55th4 x 10th2 x 1 displaystyle operatorname th 5x operatorname th x frac operatorname th 4 x 10 operatorname th 2 x 5 5 operatorname th 4 x 10 operatorname th 2 x 1 Proizvedeniya sh xsh y ch x y ch x y 2 displaystyle operatorname sh x operatorname sh y frac operatorname ch x y operatorname ch x y 2 sh xch y sh x y sh x y 2 displaystyle operatorname sh x operatorname ch y frac operatorname sh x y operatorname sh x y 2 ch xch y ch x y ch x y 2 displaystyle operatorname ch x operatorname ch y frac operatorname ch x y operatorname ch x y 2 th xth y ch x y ch x y ch x y ch x y displaystyle operatorname th x operatorname th y frac operatorname ch x y operatorname ch x y operatorname ch x y operatorname ch x y Summy sh x sh y 2sh x y2ch x y2 displaystyle operatorname sh x pm operatorname sh y 2 operatorname sh frac x pm y 2 operatorname ch frac x mp y 2 ch x ch y 2ch x y2ch x y2 displaystyle operatorname ch x operatorname ch y 2 operatorname ch frac x y 2 operatorname ch frac x y 2 ch x ch y 2sh x y2sh x y2 displaystyle operatorname ch x operatorname ch y 2 operatorname sh frac x y 2 operatorname sh frac x y 2 th x th y sh x y ch xch y displaystyle operatorname th x pm operatorname th y frac operatorname sh x pm y operatorname ch x operatorname ch y Formuly ponizheniya stepeni ch2 x2 ch x 12 displaystyle operatorname ch 2 frac x 2 frac operatorname ch x 1 2 sh2 x2 ch x 12 displaystyle operatorname sh 2 frac x 2 frac operatorname ch x 1 2 Razlozhenie na mnozhiteli 2 1 ch x 1 ex 1 e x 1 ex 1 e x displaystyle 2 1 operatorname ch x 1 e x 1 e x 1 e x 1 e x 2 1 ch x 1 ex 1 e x 1 ex 1 e x displaystyle 2 1 operatorname ch x 1 e x 1 e x 1 e x 1 e x Proizvodnye Funkciya f x displaystyle f x Proizvodnaya f x displaystyle f x Primechaniesh x displaystyle mathrm sh x ch x displaystyle mathrm ch x Dokazatelstvo sh x ex e x2 12 ex e x 12 ex e x 1 ex e x2 ch x displaystyle sh x left frac e x e x 2 right frac 1 2 cdot e x e x frac 1 2 cdot e x e x cdot 1 frac e x e x 2 ch x ch x displaystyle mathrm ch x sh x displaystyle mathrm sh x Dokazatelstvo ch x ex e x2 12 ex e x 12 ex e x 1 ex e x2 sh x displaystyle ch x left frac e x e x 2 right frac 1 2 cdot e x e x frac 1 2 cdot e x e x cdot 1 frac e x e x 2 sh x th x displaystyle mathrm th x 1ch2 x displaystyle frac 1 mathrm ch 2 x Dokazatelstvo th x sh x ch x sh x ch x sh x ch x ch2 x ch x ch x sh x sh x ch2 x ch2 x sh2 x ch2 x 1ch2 x displaystyle th x left frac sh x ch x right frac sh x cdot ch x sh x cdot ch x ch 2 x frac ch x cdot ch x sh x cdot sh x ch 2 x frac ch 2 x sh 2 x ch 2 x frac 1 ch 2 x cth x displaystyle mathrm cth x 1sh2 x displaystyle frac 1 mathrm sh 2 x Dokazatelstvo cthx ch x sh x ch x sh x ch x sh x sh2 x sh x sh x ch x ch x sh2 x sh2 x ch2 x sh2 x 1sh2 x displaystyle cthx left frac ch x sh x right frac ch x cdot sh x ch x cdot sh x sh 2 x frac sh x cdot sh x ch x cdot ch x sh 2 x frac sh 2 x ch 2 x sh 2 x frac 1 sh 2 x sch x displaystyle mathrm sch x sh x ch2 x displaystyle frac sh x ch 2 x Dokazatelstvo sch x 1ch x 1 ch x 1 ch x ch2 x sh x ch2 x displaystyle sch x left frac 1 ch x right frac 1 cdot ch x 1 cdot ch x ch 2 x frac sh x ch 2 x csch x displaystyle mathrm csch x ch x sh2 x displaystyle frac ch x sh 2 x Dokazatelstvo csch x 1sh x 1 sh x 1 sh x sh2 x ch x sh2 x displaystyle csch x left frac 1 sh x right frac 1 cdot sh x 1 cdot sh x sh 2 x frac ch x sh 2 x Integraly Sm takzhe Spisok integralov ot giperbolicheskih funkcij Spisok integralov ot obratnyh giperbolicheskih funkcij sh xdx ch x C displaystyle int operatorname sh x dx operatorname ch x C ch xdx sh x C displaystyle int operatorname ch x dx operatorname sh x C th xdx ln ch x C displaystyle int operatorname th x dx ln operatorname ch x C 1ch2 xdx th x C displaystyle int frac 1 operatorname ch 2 x dx operatorname th x C 1sh2 xdx cth x C displaystyle int frac 1 operatorname sh 2 x dx operatorname cth x C sh x 0xch tdt displaystyle operatorname sh x int limits 0 x operatorname ch tdt ch x 1 0xsh tdt displaystyle operatorname ch x 1 int limits 0 x operatorname sh tdt th x 0xdtch2 t displaystyle operatorname th x int limits 0 x frac dt operatorname ch 2 t Predstavlenie cherez giperbolicheskij tangens polovinnogo ugla sh x 2th x21 th2 x2 displaystyle operatorname sh x frac 2 operatorname th frac x 2 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 ch x 1 th2 x21 th2 x2 displaystyle operatorname ch x frac 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 th x 2th x21 th2 x2 displaystyle operatorname th x frac 2 operatorname th frac x 2 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 cth x 1 th2 x22th x2 displaystyle operatorname cth x frac 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 2 operatorname th frac x 2 sch x 1 th2 x21 th2 x2 displaystyle operatorname sch x frac 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 csch x 1 th2 x22th x2 displaystyle operatorname csch x frac 1 operatorname th 2 frac x 2 2 operatorname th frac x 2 Neravenstva Dlya vseh x R displaystyle x in mathbb R vypolnyaetsya 0 ch x 1 sh x lt ch x displaystyle 0 leq operatorname ch x 1 leq operatorname sh x lt operatorname ch x th x lt 1 displaystyle operatorname th x lt 1 Razlozhenie v stepennye ryady shx x x33 x55 x77 n 0 x2n 1 2n 1 displaystyle operatorname sh x x frac x 3 3 frac x 5 5 frac x 7 7 ldots sum n 0 infty frac x 2n 1 2n 1 chx 1 x22 x44 x66 n 0 x2n 2n displaystyle operatorname ch x 1 frac x 2 2 frac x 4 4 frac x 6 6 ldots sum n 0 infty frac x 2n 2n thx x x33 2x515 17x7315 n 1 22n 22n 1 B2nx2n 1 2n x lt p2 displaystyle operatorname th x x frac x 3 3 frac 2x 5 15 frac 17x 7 315 ldots sum n 1 infty frac 2 2n 2 2n 1 B 2n x 2n 1 2n quad x lt frac pi 2 cthx 1x x3 x345 2x5945 1x n 1 22nB2nx2n 1 2n 0 lt x lt p displaystyle operatorname cth x frac 1 x frac x 3 frac x 3 45 frac 2x 5 945 ldots frac 1 x sum n 1 infty frac 2 2n B 2n x 2n 1 2n quad 0 lt x lt pi Ryad Lorana schx 1chx n 0 E2nx2n 2n displaystyle operatorname sch x frac 1 operatorname ch x sum n 0 infty frac E 2n x 2n 2n Zdes B2n displaystyle B 2n chisla Bernulli E2n displaystyle E 2n chisla Ejlera Grafiki sh x ch x th x cth x sh ch i thcsch sech i cthAnaliticheskie svojstva Giperbolicheskij sinus i giperbolicheskij kosinus analitichny vo vsej kompleksnoj ploskosti za isklyucheniem sushestvenno osoboj tochki na beskonechnosti Giperbolicheskij tangens analitichen vezde krome polyusov v tochkah z ip n 1 2 displaystyle z i pi n 1 2 gde n displaystyle n celoe Vychety vo vseh etih polyusah ravny edinice Giperbolicheskij kotangens analitichen vezde krome tochek z ipn displaystyle z i pi n vychety ego v etih polyusah takzhe ravny edinice Obratnye giperbolicheskie funkciiOsnovnaya statya Obratnye giperbolicheskie funkcii Inache nazyvayutsya area funkciyami k nazvaniyam sootvetstvuyushih giperbolicheskih funkcij dobavlyaetsya prefiks area ot lat area ploshad Glavnye znacheniya area funkcij opredelyayutsya sleduyushimi vyrazheniyami arsh x ln x x2 1 displaystyle operatorname arsh x ln x sqrt x 2 1 obratnyj giperbolicheskij sinus area sinus arch x ln x x2 1 x 1 displaystyle operatorname arch x ln left x sqrt x 2 1 right x geq 1 obratnyj giperbolicheskij kosinus area kosinus arth x ln 1 x21 x 12ln 1 x1 x x lt 1 displaystyle operatorname arth x ln frac sqrt 1 x 2 1 x frac 1 2 ln frac 1 x 1 x x lt 1 obratnyj giperbolicheskij tangens area tangens arcth x ln x2 1x 1 12ln x 1x 1 x gt 1 displaystyle operatorname arcth x ln frac sqrt x 2 1 x 1 frac 1 2 ln frac x 1 x 1 x gt 1 obratnyj giperbolicheskij kotangens area kotangens arsch x ln 1 1 x2x 0 lt x 1 displaystyle operatorname arsch x ln frac 1 sqrt 1 x 2 x 0 lt x leq 1 obratnyj giperbolicheskij sekans area sekans Zametim chto reshenie y ln 1 1 x2x displaystyle y ln frac 1 sqrt 1 x 2 x takzhe udovletvoryaet uravneniyu sch y x displaystyle operatorname sch y x odnako glavnye znacheniya area funkcij yavlyayutsya odnoznachnymi funkciyami arcsch x ln 1 sgn x1 x2x ln 1 1 x2x x lt 0ln 1 1 x2x x gt 0 displaystyle operatorname arcsch x ln frac 1 operatorname sgn x sqrt 1 x 2 x left begin array l ln frac 1 sqrt 1 x 2 x quad x lt 0 ln frac 1 sqrt 1 x 2 x quad x gt 0 end array right obratnyj giperbolicheskij kosekans area kosekans Grafiki arsh x arch x arth x arcth x Svyaz mezhdu nekotorymi obratnymi giperbolicheskimi i obratnymi trigonometricheskimi funkciyami Arsh x iArcsin ix displaystyle operatorname Arsh x i operatorname Arcsin ix Arsh ix iArcsin x displaystyle operatorname Arsh ix i operatorname Arcsin x Arcsin x iArsh ix displaystyle operatorname Arcsin x i operatorname Arsh ix Arcsin ix iArsh x displaystyle operatorname Arcsin ix i operatorname Arsh x Arccos x i Arch x displaystyle operatorname Arccos x i operatorname Arch x gde i mnimaya edinica Eti funkcii imeyut sleduyushee razlozhenie v ryad arsh x x 12 x33 1 32 4 x55 1 3 52 4 6 x77 n 0 1 n 2n 22n n 2 x2n 12n 1 x lt 1 displaystyle operatorname arsh x x left frac 1 2 right frac x 3 3 left frac 1 cdot 3 2 cdot 4 right frac x 5 5 left frac 1 cdot 3 cdot 5 2 cdot 4 cdot 6 right frac x 7 7 ldots sum n 0 infty left frac 1 n 2n 2 2n n 2 right frac x 2n 1 2n 1 quad left vert x right vert lt 1 arch x ln 2x 12 x 22 1 32 4 x 44 1 3 52 4 6 x 66 ln 2x n 1 1 n 2n 22n n 2 x 2n2n x gt 1 displaystyle operatorname arch x ln 2x left left frac 1 2 right frac x 2 2 left frac 1 cdot 3 2 cdot 4 right frac x 4 4 left frac 1 cdot 3 cdot 5 2 cdot 4 cdot 6 right frac x 6 6 ldots right ln 2x sum n 1 infty left frac 1 n 2n 2 2n n 2 right frac x 2n 2n quad x gt 1 arth x x x33 x55 x77 n 0 x2n 12n 1 x lt 1 displaystyle operatorname arth x x frac x 3 3 frac x 5 5 frac x 7 7 ldots sum n 0 infty frac x 2n 1 2n 1 quad x lt 1 V zarubezhnoj literature obratnye giperbolicheskie funkcii chasto oboznachayut posredstvom znaka minus pervoj stepeni naprimer Arthx displaystyle operatorname Arth x pishut kak tanh 1 x displaystyle operatorname tanh 1 x prichyom tanhx 1 displaystyle operatorname tanh x 1 oboznachaet druguyu funkciyu cthx displaystyle operatorname cth x i t d IstoriyaPervoe poyavlenie giperbolicheskih funkcij istoriki obnaruzhili v trudah anglijskogo matematika Abrahama de Muavra 1707 1722 Sovremennoe opredelenie i obstoyatelnoe ih issledovanie vypolnil Vinchenco Rikkati v 1757 godu Opusculorum tom I on zhe predlozhil ih oboznacheniya sh displaystyle operatorname sh ch displaystyle operatorname ch Rikkati ishodil iz rassmotreniya edinichnoj giperboly sm risunok v razdele Opredelenie Nezavisimoe otkrytie i dalnejshee issledovanie svojstv giperbolicheskih funkcij bylo provedeno Iogannom Lambertom 1768 kotoryj ustanovil shirokij parallelizm formul obychnoj i giperbolicheskoj trigonometrii N I Lobachevskij vposledstvii ispolzoval etot parallelizm pytayas dokazat neprotivorechivost neevklidovoj geometrii v kotoroj krugovaya trigonometriya zamenyaetsya na giperbolicheskuyu V oboznacheniyah giperbolicheskih funkcij utverdilsya nekotoryj raznoboj Naprimer v Enciklopedii Brokgauza i Efrona ispolzuyutsya oboznacheniya sinhyp displaystyle operatorname sinhyp coshyp displaystyle operatorname coshyp v russkoyazychnoj literature zakrepilis oboznacheniya sh ch displaystyle operatorname sh operatorname ch v angloyazychnoj zakrepilis sinh cosh displaystyle sinh cosh PrimenenieGiperbolicheskie funkcii chasto vstrechayutsya pri vychislenii razlichnyh integralov Nekotorye integraly ot racionalnyh funkcij i ot funkcij soderzhashih radikaly dovolno prosto vychislyayutsya s pomoshyu zamen peremennyh s ispolzovaniem giperbolicheskih funkcij Analogichno tomu kak matricy vida cos xsin x sin xcos x displaystyle begin pmatrix cos x amp sin x sin x amp cos x end pmatrix opisyvayut povoroty dvumernogo evklidova prostranstva matricy chxshxshxchx displaystyle begin pmatrix mathop mathrm ch x amp mathop mathrm sh x mathop mathrm sh x amp mathop mathrm ch x end pmatrix opisyvayut povoroty v prostejshem dvumernom prostranstve Minkovskogo V svyazi s etim giperbolicheskie funkcii chasto vstrechayutsya v teorii otnositelnosti Odnorodnaya beskonechno gibkaya verevka ili cepochka svobodno podveshennaya za svoi koncy priobretaet formu grafika funkcii y achxa displaystyle y a mathop mathrm ch frac x a v svyazi s chem grafik giperbolicheskogo kosinusa inogda nazyvayut cepnoj liniej Eto obstoyatelstvo ispolzuetsya pri proektirovanii arok poskolku forma arki v vide perevyornutoj cepnoj linii naibolee effektivno raspredelyaet nagruzku LiteraturaBugrov Ya S Nikolskij S M Vysshaya matematika Differencialnye uravneniya Kratnye integraly Ryady Funkcii kompleksnogo peremennogo Moskva Nauka 1985 S 464 Shervatov V G Giperbolicheskie funkcii Gostehizdat 1954 58 s Populyarnye lekcii po matematike 25 000 ekz A R Yanpolskij Giperbolicheskie funkcii Moskva 1960 195 s SsylkiMediafajly na Vikisklade Interaktivnaya demonstraciya trigonometricheskih i giperbolicheskih funkcij na Java Web Start BSE Znaki matematicheskieDlya uluchsheniya etoj stati zhelatelno Prostavit snoski vnesti bolee tochnye ukazaniya na istochniki Posle ispravleniya problemy isklyuchite eyo iz spiska Udalite shablon esli ustraneny vse nedostatki
Вершина